Social Movements
THE FOUNDATION OF BRAZILIAN INSTITUTE OF PROCEDURAL LAW
The Brazilian Institute of Procedural law was founded 50 years ago, on August 15, 1958. A major scientific association did not arise by chance. The environment was favorable. Both in Brazil and in all parts of the world occurred deep political, economic, social and legal.
Until the 50's over 70% of Brazilians lived in rural areas, there was not even an automobile industry and households still had no television. The appliances were very few. Gas stove and refrigerator were luxury items in the process of popularization. Phone was rare and far from becoming popular. Only religious private school. The few private hospitals were linked to the colonies of immigrants. The general economy was weak and predominantly primary.
The Brazilian family, until the '50s, it was extremely traditional and conservative. The wife was not able to practice the acts of civil life, should always be assisted by her husband. When separated gave rise to prejudice and shame. The racism was not cause for debate, because the Brazilian black movement did not carry social protest and action. The social structure was marked by the "colonels" and "main house and slave quarters" were still visible. The transport and communications was deficient nonexistent.
In the '50s, however, Brazil was living a very promising political experience, feeling the repercussions of the 1946 Constitution and the liberal winds that blew in Brazil after the death of President Getulio Vargas. The politics of this time was the counterpoint to the previous regimes of the Old Republic and the dictatorship of the Estado Novo. Liberty was the watchword. Everyone could freely express their thoughts and ideologies. Any political party would be allowed and the left parties came out of hiding. The wind was blowing too favorably on the economic side. In 1958 Jucelino Kubtischek was the President and the construction of the new capital of the country functioned as an engine of development and national optimism.
In the social field, the change was the largest and most important in Brazil's history. The population left the fields and migrated to the cities. São Paulo continued to attract workers, particularly for industry and trade; Rio de Janeiro was still the capital of the republic and exercised his natural attraction to those who wished to follow the public careers. But, as the metropolis, was also developed in the arts, tourism, shipbuilding and oil. The movement, however, peaked with the construction of Brasilia, which meant an alternative to migration northeast to the southeast.
In the arts, 1958 will always be remembered for the emergence of "bossa nova", said the song "Chega de Saudade" Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes, released on the LP "Love Song too, with the voice of Elizeth Cardoso and João Gilberto's guitar. In sports, the parents won their first football World Cup, with the revelation of the young Pele, who scored two goals in the final of the tournament.
But the year 1958 is special not only for Brazil, because everybody lived important events in all areas, whose reflections are observed today. In Cuba, Fulgencio Batista ends his career as a dictator and flees the country, besieged by guerrilla forces of Fidel Castro. This episode provides a few years later, it reaches the end of the Cold War, with the installation of Soviet missiles aimed at the Florida. Nevertheless, Nikita Khrushchovv, to assume leadership of the Soviet Union, denounced Stalin's crimes and began two decades of economic, technological and military, in competition with the United States of Eisenhower and Kennedy, which intensified the cold war and promoted great development. The symbol of this competition is the space race, with megalomaniac projects.
Three major events marked Europe in 1958: the Treaty of Rome which founded the European Economic Community, the enthronement of Cardinal Angelo Roncalli as Pope John XXIII, who convened the Second Vatican Council, and the French constitutional renewal, which established the Cinquième République. In China Mao Zedong, formerly known as Mao Zedong, began the policy of forced industrialization, the "great leap", preparing the country for the "Cultural Revolution" of 60s.
And the courts would be left out of these big changes? Given all that happened in Brazil and the world in 50 years of the twentieth century, it is clear that completely changed the profile of the conflicts brought to solution of the judiciary. After all this time is that come the roots of consumerism, collectivism, the multiculturalistmo and globalization that characterize the society of the third millennium.
In Brazil, changing the type of conflict could be felt clearly. No precise statistics, but it is true that until 1958 there was most types of conflicts that are today in our courts. If the world changed and Brazil, conflicts also changed. The justice then, who had been living with their own problems, not enough to meet the new profile of the processes that accompanied the changes in society.
The 50s also marked the Brazilian procedural law. In 1958 Brazil lived the first twenty years of a code of civil procedure unit. This malicious code entered into force and the Brazilian procedural law lived his first experience of renewal, it had the unexpected presence of Italian teacher Enrico Tullio Liebman, who temporarily left the chair of Milan, away from the atrocities of World War II. The meetings on Saturday evening with the teachers Alfredo Buzaid, Bruno Afonso André Luiz Frederico Marques and Eulalio Bueno Vidigal become famous and make firm in Brazil (and not only in São Paulo) a generation of teachers that provides consolidation scientific-technical procedural law.
In the midst of this scenario (or scenarios such) that some of these teachers decided to form an association of a scientific nature, aimed at improving the procedural law in Brazil.
In the early twentieth century, was much more common the existence of transactions linked to rural as well as movements that fought for the conquest of political power. In mid-1950, movements in rural and urban areas have gained visibility by holding demonstrations in public spaces (roads, squares, etc.)..
The contemporary rural social organizations, who led a movement of resistance politics since the mid-twentieth century were marked from its beginning by ambiguity. The two most important organizations of the 50 rural and 60 (Peasant Leagues and System CONTAG) suffered this fate.
50 YEARS (The Peasant Leagues)
Peasant Leagues
The Peasant Leagues were associations of rural workers initially created in the state of Pernambuco, Paraiba later, the state of Rio.de Janeiro, Goias and in other regions of Brazil, who exerted intense activity period that lasted from 1955 until the fall of Joao Goulart in 1964.
Training
The well-known alloys were preceded by some movement of a similar nature which, because of their isolation, did not have the same social and political repercussions. This would be the case, for example, conflicts Porecatu in northern Paraná (1950-1951), and movement of Formoso (1953-1954), which, however, influenced in a sustainable manner within their areas of origin.
The movement that became nationally known as peasant leagues began, in fact, in Galilee mill in Vitoria de Santo Antao, within the region of the Wasteland to the Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. The property brought together 140 families of tenants in five hundred acres of land that the mill was "dead heat". The movement was established on 1. January 1955 and called himself Society of Agricultural and Livestock Growers of Pernambuco (SAPPP). It was up to conservative groups, the press and in the Assembly, to baptize the company "cares", fearful that she was the revival of other alloys in the recent period (1945-1947), had openly proliferated in the periphery and in the cities of Recife satellites, under the influence of the Brazilian Communist Party, then the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB). In fact, the movement of Galilee seems to have received influences of these old cores, geographically close, mainly by Jose dos Prazeres, head of the old League of Iputinga the outskirts of Recife.
There are many versions about the creation of the League of Galilee. The best known and most legendary, gives the entity the purpose of raising funds to bury the dead until then deposited in a common grave. This version, published by Antonio Calado in his famous stories in the Morning Post (September 1959), had enormous political repercussions. Another version, more complete, tells us that the company had recently created broader welfare purposes and had chosen as honorary president of the plantation owner himself, Oscar de Arruda Beltran. The group's goal was to provide common resources for health and educational assistance, and to purchase fertilizers, in order to improve production.
The creation of the League of Galilee provoked the reaction of the plantation owner's son, fearful, as was natural that the consolidation of a core of peasant production could halt the most profitable use of livestock on the land remaining on the plantation. In this and other properties to shift manpower has no immediate use, and to make the land more profitable, it employed then the overall increase in the price of the forum, which had the immediate consequence of the common fight against increasing the rent of land and against the more direct threats of expulsion.
To defend them in court, representatives of SAPPP sought Julian Alvarez Francisco de Paula, a lawyer in Recife, which had been noted for an original statement of principles in defense of rural workers, "Letter to the tenants of Pernambuco, 1945. Julian agreed to defend them, as well as many others.The pending lasted until 1959 when it was approved the proposal for expropriation of the mill, referred to the Legislature by Governor Cid Sampaio based on an old project of Julian. The question gave prominence to the peasants of Galilee, and even more, became the first nucleus of the Peasant Leagues in the symbol of agrarian reform and rural workers aspired. This victory of the movement was located but contradictory consequences, as if on the one hand, she managed to appease hearts and hope to accommodation through legal remedies, on the other hand, encouraged the leaders to continue to mobilize in favor of a radical agrarian reform claims that met the peasants as a whole.
During that same period, numerous nuclei Leagues were established in Pernambuco. Until 1961, 25 cores were installed in the state, predominantly visible in the forest zone and on the Hinterland of the Wasteland. Among these nuclei stood out the Pau d'Alho, São Lourenço da Mata, Escada, Goiás and Vitoria de Santo Antao.
From 1959 the Peasant Leagues have expanded too rapidly in other states like Paraiba, Rio (Campos) and Paraná, increasing the political impact of the movement. Among these nuclei, the most important was to Thatcham, Paraiba, the most significant and largest of all. The expansion of the League of Thatcham accelerated after 1962, when he was assassinated their leader, Teixeira, at the behest of local landowner. Shortly after this core would bring together about ten thousand members, while other nuclei would spread to the adjacent municipalities.
Between 1960 and 1961, the League organized regional committees in about ten states of the Federation. In 1962 he created the newspaper The League, a spokesman for the movement, who claimed to have a nationwide circulation, but in reality remained attached to a small number of readers who were themselves activists of the movement. Also that year an attempt was made to form a political party that called Revolutionary Movement Tiradentes. What happened, however, is that while the peasant demands for land, advocated by leagues, gained body, the political pretensions of the movement leaders were emptied before a trade union movement organized and more connected to the Church and the State.
The Brazilian Institute of Procedural law was founded 50 years ago, on August 15, 1958. A major scientific association did not arise by chance. The environment was favorable. Both in Brazil and in all parts of the world occurred deep political, economic, social and legal.
Until the 50's over 70% of Brazilians lived in rural areas, there was not even an automobile industry and households still had no television. The appliances were very few. Gas stove and refrigerator were luxury items in the process of popularization. Phone was rare and far from becoming popular. Only religious private school. The few private hospitals were linked to the colonies of immigrants. The general economy was weak and predominantly primary.
The Brazilian family, until the '50s, it was extremely traditional and conservative. The wife was not able to practice the acts of civil life, should always be assisted by her husband. When separated gave rise to prejudice and shame. The racism was not cause for debate, because the Brazilian black movement did not carry social protest and action. The social structure was marked by the "colonels" and "main house and slave quarters" were still visible. The transport and communications was deficient nonexistent.
In the '50s, however, Brazil was living a very promising political experience, feeling the repercussions of the 1946 Constitution and the liberal winds that blew in Brazil after the death of President Getulio Vargas. The politics of this time was the counterpoint to the previous regimes of the Old Republic and the dictatorship of the Estado Novo. Liberty was the watchword. Everyone could freely express their thoughts and ideologies. Any political party would be allowed and the left parties came out of hiding. The wind was blowing too favorably on the economic side. In 1958 Jucelino Kubtischek was the President and the construction of the new capital of the country functioned as an engine of development and national optimism.
In the social field, the change was the largest and most important in Brazil's history. The population left the fields and migrated to the cities. São Paulo continued to attract workers, particularly for industry and trade; Rio de Janeiro was still the capital of the republic and exercised his natural attraction to those who wished to follow the public careers. But, as the metropolis, was also developed in the arts, tourism, shipbuilding and oil. The movement, however, peaked with the construction of Brasilia, which meant an alternative to migration northeast to the southeast.
In the arts, 1958 will always be remembered for the emergence of "bossa nova", said the song "Chega de Saudade" Tom Jobim and Vinicius de Moraes, released on the LP "Love Song too, with the voice of Elizeth Cardoso and João Gilberto's guitar. In sports, the parents won their first football World Cup, with the revelation of the young Pele, who scored two goals in the final of the tournament.
But the year 1958 is special not only for Brazil, because everybody lived important events in all areas, whose reflections are observed today. In Cuba, Fulgencio Batista ends his career as a dictator and flees the country, besieged by guerrilla forces of Fidel Castro. This episode provides a few years later, it reaches the end of the Cold War, with the installation of Soviet missiles aimed at the Florida. Nevertheless, Nikita Khrushchovv, to assume leadership of the Soviet Union, denounced Stalin's crimes and began two decades of economic, technological and military, in competition with the United States of Eisenhower and Kennedy, which intensified the cold war and promoted great development. The symbol of this competition is the space race, with megalomaniac projects.
Three major events marked Europe in 1958: the Treaty of Rome which founded the European Economic Community, the enthronement of Cardinal Angelo Roncalli as Pope John XXIII, who convened the Second Vatican Council, and the French constitutional renewal, which established the Cinquième République. In China Mao Zedong, formerly known as Mao Zedong, began the policy of forced industrialization, the "great leap", preparing the country for the "Cultural Revolution" of 60s.
And the courts would be left out of these big changes? Given all that happened in Brazil and the world in 50 years of the twentieth century, it is clear that completely changed the profile of the conflicts brought to solution of the judiciary. After all this time is that come the roots of consumerism, collectivism, the multiculturalistmo and globalization that characterize the society of the third millennium.
In Brazil, changing the type of conflict could be felt clearly. No precise statistics, but it is true that until 1958 there was most types of conflicts that are today in our courts. If the world changed and Brazil, conflicts also changed. The justice then, who had been living with their own problems, not enough to meet the new profile of the processes that accompanied the changes in society.
The 50s also marked the Brazilian procedural law. In 1958 Brazil lived the first twenty years of a code of civil procedure unit. This malicious code entered into force and the Brazilian procedural law lived his first experience of renewal, it had the unexpected presence of Italian teacher Enrico Tullio Liebman, who temporarily left the chair of Milan, away from the atrocities of World War II. The meetings on Saturday evening with the teachers Alfredo Buzaid, Bruno Afonso André Luiz Frederico Marques and Eulalio Bueno Vidigal become famous and make firm in Brazil (and not only in São Paulo) a generation of teachers that provides consolidation scientific-technical procedural law.
In the midst of this scenario (or scenarios such) that some of these teachers decided to form an association of a scientific nature, aimed at improving the procedural law in Brazil.
In the early twentieth century, was much more common the existence of transactions linked to rural as well as movements that fought for the conquest of political power. In mid-1950, movements in rural and urban areas have gained visibility by holding demonstrations in public spaces (roads, squares, etc.)..
The contemporary rural social organizations, who led a movement of resistance politics since the mid-twentieth century were marked from its beginning by ambiguity. The two most important organizations of the 50 rural and 60 (Peasant Leagues and System CONTAG) suffered this fate.
50 YEARS (The Peasant Leagues)
Peasant Leagues
The Peasant Leagues were associations of rural workers initially created in the state of Pernambuco, Paraiba later, the state of Rio.de Janeiro, Goias and in other regions of Brazil, who exerted intense activity period that lasted from 1955 until the fall of Joao Goulart in 1964.
Training
The well-known alloys were preceded by some movement of a similar nature which, because of their isolation, did not have the same social and political repercussions. This would be the case, for example, conflicts Porecatu in northern Paraná (1950-1951), and movement of Formoso (1953-1954), which, however, influenced in a sustainable manner within their areas of origin.
The movement that became nationally known as peasant leagues began, in fact, in Galilee mill in Vitoria de Santo Antao, within the region of the Wasteland to the Zona da Mata de Pernambuco. The property brought together 140 families of tenants in five hundred acres of land that the mill was "dead heat". The movement was established on 1. January 1955 and called himself Society of Agricultural and Livestock Growers of Pernambuco (SAPPP). It was up to conservative groups, the press and in the Assembly, to baptize the company "cares", fearful that she was the revival of other alloys in the recent period (1945-1947), had openly proliferated in the periphery and in the cities of Recife satellites, under the influence of the Brazilian Communist Party, then the Communist Party of Brazil (PCB). In fact, the movement of Galilee seems to have received influences of these old cores, geographically close, mainly by Jose dos Prazeres, head of the old League of Iputinga the outskirts of Recife.
There are many versions about the creation of the League of Galilee. The best known and most legendary, gives the entity the purpose of raising funds to bury the dead until then deposited in a common grave. This version, published by Antonio Calado in his famous stories in the Morning Post (September 1959), had enormous political repercussions. Another version, more complete, tells us that the company had recently created broader welfare purposes and had chosen as honorary president of the plantation owner himself, Oscar de Arruda Beltran. The group's goal was to provide common resources for health and educational assistance, and to purchase fertilizers, in order to improve production.
The creation of the League of Galilee provoked the reaction of the plantation owner's son, fearful, as was natural that the consolidation of a core of peasant production could halt the most profitable use of livestock on the land remaining on the plantation. In this and other properties to shift manpower has no immediate use, and to make the land more profitable, it employed then the overall increase in the price of the forum, which had the immediate consequence of the common fight against increasing the rent of land and against the more direct threats of expulsion.
To defend them in court, representatives of SAPPP sought Julian Alvarez Francisco de Paula, a lawyer in Recife, which had been noted for an original statement of principles in defense of rural workers, "Letter to the tenants of Pernambuco, 1945. Julian agreed to defend them, as well as many others.The pending lasted until 1959 when it was approved the proposal for expropriation of the mill, referred to the Legislature by Governor Cid Sampaio based on an old project of Julian. The question gave prominence to the peasants of Galilee, and even more, became the first nucleus of the Peasant Leagues in the symbol of agrarian reform and rural workers aspired. This victory of the movement was located but contradictory consequences, as if on the one hand, she managed to appease hearts and hope to accommodation through legal remedies, on the other hand, encouraged the leaders to continue to mobilize in favor of a radical agrarian reform claims that met the peasants as a whole.
During that same period, numerous nuclei Leagues were established in Pernambuco. Until 1961, 25 cores were installed in the state, predominantly visible in the forest zone and on the Hinterland of the Wasteland. Among these nuclei stood out the Pau d'Alho, São Lourenço da Mata, Escada, Goiás and Vitoria de Santo Antao.
From 1959 the Peasant Leagues have expanded too rapidly in other states like Paraiba, Rio (Campos) and Paraná, increasing the political impact of the movement. Among these nuclei, the most important was to Thatcham, Paraiba, the most significant and largest of all. The expansion of the League of Thatcham accelerated after 1962, when he was assassinated their leader, Teixeira, at the behest of local landowner. Shortly after this core would bring together about ten thousand members, while other nuclei would spread to the adjacent municipalities.
Between 1960 and 1961, the League organized regional committees in about ten states of the Federation. In 1962 he created the newspaper The League, a spokesman for the movement, who claimed to have a nationwide circulation, but in reality remained attached to a small number of readers who were themselves activists of the movement. Also that year an attempt was made to form a political party that called Revolutionary Movement Tiradentes. What happened, however, is that while the peasant demands for land, advocated by leagues, gained body, the political pretensions of the movement leaders were emptied before a trade union movement organized and more connected to the Church and the State.